Category: Science

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Is There Living Green Algae in the Gusev Crater on Mars?

"Certainly like the green in the Gusev crater picture or by looking at the development of darker spots toward the South Pole which are tied to seasonal variations, it certainly gives rise to the speculation that there could be algae."

 - Michael McKay, European Space Agency

 

The center of the Gusev crater with the landing site of the NASA Spirit rover marked with a cross. The image was taken by the HRSC instrument in color and 3-Dimension on January 16, 2004, from a height of 320 kilometers (199 miles). Gusev is a large crater about 160 kilometers in diameter. Scientists believe that the crater was covered by standing water, maybe in the form of a lake, early in the history of Mars. Image by European Space Agency's Mars Express: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum).
The center of the Gusev crater with the landing site of the NASA Spirit rover marked with a cross. The image was taken by the HRSC instrument in color and 3-Dimension on January 16, 2004, from a height of 320 kilometers (199 miles). Gusev is a large crater about 160 kilometers in diameter. Scientists believe that the crater was covered by standing water, maybe in the form of a lake, early in the history of Mars. Image by European Space Agency's Mars Express: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum).


January 31, 2004 Darmstadt, Germany - The European Space Agency's Mars Express Orbiter has been exploring the red planet from 186 miles (300 kilometers) altitude. Its high resolution stereo camera has been sending back extraordinary color images. Some, like the Gusev crater image above, show green areas. Some like the Reull Vallis ancient river channel below show blue and blue-green regions.

 

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Opportunity Lands on Mars – in “Muddy” Hematite?

 "I will attempt no science analysis, because it looks like nothing I've ever seen before. I've got no words for this. I am flabbergasted. I am astonished. I am blown away. Opportunity has touched down in a bizarre alien landscape."

- Steven Squyres, Principal Investigator, Cornell University

Above and below: Opportunity's panorama camera shows rocky "butte" surrounded by dark "sea of soil" that is thought to be grey hematite, a very different mineral from the iron, olivine and nickel soil that Spirit landed on in the Gusev crater. Image: NASA/JPL.
Above and below: Opportunity's panorama camera shows rocky "butte" surrounded by dark "sea of soil" that is thought to be grey hematite, a very different mineral from the iron, olivine and nickel soil that Spirit landed on in the Gusev crater. Image: NASA/JPL.


January 25, 2004  Pasadena, California - Opportunity, NASA's second rover, landed on Mars five minutes after 9 p.m. in California and after midnight on the East Coast as expected. Opportunity bounced down in its airbag-covered lander on to a smooth plane called Meridiani Planum near the equator half way around Mars from the Gusev crater where the first damaged rover, Spirit, landed on January 3, 2004. Opportunity's mission is to search for signs of water and its landing marks and the soil look even muddier than the Gusev crater's.

 

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Updated – Spirit Alive, But in “Critical” Condition. Mars Express Sees Water Ice and Ancient River Channel

 

NASA artist's concept of Spirit rover working in the Gusev crater on Mars. Image: NASA/JPL.
NASA artist's concept of Spirit rover working in the Gusev crater on Mars. Image: NASA/JPL.

Updated - January 24, 2004  Pasadena, California -

Spirit Communication Revived Briefly,
But Rover's In "Critical" Condition

On January 23, the flight team for NASA's Spirit rover finally received data from the silent robot in a communication session that began at 5:26 a.m. PST and lasted 20 minutes at a data rate of 120 bits per second. Spirit's response was provoked by a JPL command to Spirit at 5:02 PST via the NASA Deep Space Network antenna complex near Madrid, Spain, telling Spirit to begin transmitting about its problems.

 

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Spirit Rover’s First Martian Soil Analysis Has Surprises

This image shows the patch of soil scientists examined at Gusev Crater just after Spirit rolled off the Columbia Memorial lander. Image credit: NASA/JPL.
This image shows the patch of soil scientists examined at Gusev Crater just after Spirit rolled off the Columbia Memorial lander. Image credit: NASA/JPL.

January 21, 2004 Pasadena, California - Scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena yesterday were puzzled about the first soil examined by the Spirit rover in its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer as it begins its exploration of the Martian Gusev crater.

 

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Martian Soil “Clumpy” – Electrostatic Binding of Dust?

"Scientists liken the alien soil to clumpy cocoa powder."

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

January 19, 2004  Pasadena, California - The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit deployed its robotic arm early Friday morning, January 16, 2004, to use its microscopic imager, one of four geological instruments located on the arm. The instrument will help scientists analyze and understand Martian rocks and soils by taking very high resolution, close-up images. The first surprise was the clumpy nature of the red soil and some planetary geologists wonder if an electrostatic binding of the dust could be at work.

 

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Part 2 – Is Dark Matter the “Heavy Shadow” of Light Matter?

Click here for Part 1

Quarks and leptons are the major atomic particle building blocks of the universe. The muon is in the bottom, center row. Image courtesy Fermi National Laboratory.
Quarks and leptons are the major atomic particle building blocks of the universe. The muon is in the bottom, center row. Image courtesy Fermi National Laboratory.

January 17, 2004  Urbana-Champaign, Illinois - Not everyone is certain that Supersymmetry of super atomic particles is the answer to Dark Matter. In fact, some theoretical physicists argue about whether the Brookhaven muon magnetic moment measurement is even a meaningful discrepancy.

 

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Spirit Is Moving in the Martian Crater

On January 15, 2004, at 3 a.m. ET, NASA's Spirit land rover finally moved out from its air bag-shrouded lander leaving tracks on the Martian soil of the Gusev crater. Image credit: NASA/JPL.
On January 15, 2004, at 3 a.m. ET, NASA's Spirit land rover finally moved out from its air bag-shrouded lander leaving tracks on the Martian soil of the Gusev crater. Image credit: NASA/JPL.

January 15, 2004  Pasadena, California - NASA reported early today after the 3 a.m. ET roll out of Spirit onto the Martian crater soil: "This image from the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's rear hazard identification camera shows the rover's hind view of the lander platform, its nest for the past 12 'sols,' or Martian days. The rover is approximately 1 meter (3 feet) in front of the air bag-cushioned lander, facing northwest. Note the tracks left in the Martian soil by the rovers' wheels, all six of which have rolled off the lander. This is the first time the rover has touched Martian soil."

 

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President Bush Sets “New Course for America’s Space Program”

On January 14, 2004, President George Bush announced "new course for America's space program" at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C. Image courtesy NASA.
On January 14, 2004, President George Bush announced "new course for America's space program" at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C. Image courtesy NASA.

January 14, 2004  Washington, D. C. - At NASA's headquarters this afternoon, President George Bush was greeted by NASA Director Sean O'Keefe and Astronaut Mike Foale, who spoke from the International Space Station (ISS) orbiting Earth.

President Bush began, "Today we set a new course for America's space program. We will give NASA a new focus. We will build new ships to carry man forward into the universe to gain a new foothold on the moon and prepare for new journeys beyond Earth. ... We will expand human presence across our solar system."

 

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Part 1 – Is Dark Matter the “Heavy Shadow” of Visible Matter?

Graphic depicting visible matter worlds above the blue rectangle and bigger, heavier "shadow," or partner, particles below the blue rectangle that are not seen in the visible matter worlds. Supersymmetry theory in physics postulates that every particle we observe has a massive "shadow-partner" particle. No supersymmetric particle has yet been seen. Image courtesy CERN, Switzerland.
Graphic depicting visible matter worlds above the blue rectangle and bigger, heavier "shadow," or partner, particles below the blue rectangle that are not seen in the visible matter worlds. Supersymmetry theory in physics postulates that every particle we observe has a massive "shadow-partner" particle. No supersymmetric particle has yet been seen. Image courtesy CERN, Switzerland.

January 13, 2004  Ann Arbor, Michigan - In February 2001, the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, Long Island, New York, announced that physicists there had made a new measurement of what is called, "the muon anomalous magnetic moment." The number looks like this:

 

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