Category: Science

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Central Black Hole Affects Massive Perseus Galaxy Cluster

"The Perseus Galaxy cluster is a dramatic example of how a relatively tiny, but massive, black hole at the center of a galaxy can control the heating and cooling behavior of gas far beyond the confines of the galaxy."

- CXC

Massive Perseus galaxy cluster contains thousands of galaxies immersed in hot gas with massive black hole at center 250 million light years from Earth. Chandra X-ray Observatory image credit: NASA/CXC/IoA/A. Fabian et al.
Massive Perseus galaxy cluster contains thousands of galaxies immersed in hot gas with massive black hole at center 250 million light years from Earth. Chandra X-ray Observatory image credit: NASA/CXC/IoA/A. Fabian et al.

December 4, 2005  Cambridge, Massachusetts - Chandra X-Ray Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts reports: "An accumulation of 270 hours of Chandra observations of the central regions of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveals evidence of the turmoil that has wracked the cluster for hundreds of millions of years. One of the most massive objects in the universe, the cluster contains thousands of galaxies immersed in a vast cloud of multimillion degree gas with the mass equivalent of trillions of suns.

 

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Is the Sun Heating Up?   

"The Sun right now is probably averaging over several decades the most active it's been in 400 years."

- Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D., Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

The large white spot on the face of the sun is called "Sunspot 822." Its current length on November 17, 2005, is 87,000 miles (140,000 km), about the size of Jupiter. According to SpaceWeather.com, "This sunspot poses a threat for M-class solar flares. NOAA forecasters estimate a 50% chance of one during the next 24 hours. Eruptions in the days ahead could cause magnetic storms on Earth." November 17, 2005, solar image by Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).
The large white spot on the face of the sun is called "Sunspot 822." Its current length on November 17, 2005, is 87,000 miles (140,000 km), about the size of Jupiter. According to SpaceWeather.com, "This sunspot poses a threat for M-class solar flares. NOAA forecasters estimate a 50% chance of one during the next 24 hours. Eruptions in the days ahead could cause magnetic storms on Earth." November 17, 2005, solar image by Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).

November 18, 2005  Cambridge, Massachusetts - Astrophysicists are scratching their heads about what's happening on the sun and in our solar system. Why has this so-called "Solar Minimum" been so active? It should be quiet now with very few sunspots because this is supposed to be the low point of the Sun's 11-year-sunspot cycle. But this week, there was a sunspot called 822 that's 87,000 miles across - the size of the planet Jupiter! Could it erupt with more powerful X-flares as has happened the past few months. Big flares threaten all the broadcast, global positioning and military satellites that now orbit our planet. As I've reported before in Earthfiles, the sun is not "normal." Is it warming up? Earth's North Pole and Mars's South Pole are melting at a surprisingly rapid rate. Even far out Pluto seems to show some melting. Is the sun a bigger player in all this than originally thought? 

 

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“Godzilla” of the Ancient Seas

The December 2005 issue of National Geographic magazine, provided in advance by National Geographic.
The December 2005 issue of National Geographic magazine, provided in advance by National Geographic.


November 12, 2005  Washington, D. C. - National Geographic announced this week that a large fossil sea monster about 135 million years old with a head like a carnivorous dinosaur and a tail like a fish's has been discovered in Argentina's Neuquen Basin at the foot of the Andes. The scientist who found the specimen is calling the fierce-looking animal "Godzilla," or "chico malo," which means the "bad boy" of the ocean.

 

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Dust Storm On Mars, Cosmic First Light and Huge Black Hole At Our Galaxy’s Center

November 9, 2005   -

Hubble Space Telescope image of Mars and growing dust storm on October 28, 2005, one night before its close approach to Earth at 41 million miles on October 29, 2005. Image credit: NASA, ESA, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), J. Bell (Cornell University) and M. Wolff (Space Science Institute).
Hubble Space Telescope image of Mars and growing dust storm on October 28, 2005, one night before its close approach to Earth at 41 million miles on October 29, 2005. Image credit: NASA, ESA, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), J. Bell (Cornell University) and M. Wolff (Space Science Institute).

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope snapped this picture of Mars on October 28, 2005, within a day of its closest approach to Earth on the night of October 29, 2005. Hubble astronomers were also excited to have captured a regional dust storm on Mars that has been growing and evolving over the past few weeks. The dust storm, which is the bright "feathery" feature in the middle of the planet in this picture, is about 930 miles (1500 km) long measured diagonally. That's about the size of Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico combined.

 

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Saturn’s Icy Moon, Dione, Up Close

"Dione reveals a wonderful variety of surface features that are simultaneously familiar and unlike any other place in the solar system."

- NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute.

October 11, 2005, image of Saturn's icy moon, Dione, above the planet's thin rings. Behind Dione are the shadows of Saturn's B and C rings. Image from the Cassini spacecraft at 24,200 miles (39,000 kilometers) distance. Image courtesy NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute.
October 11, 2005, image of Saturn's icy moon, Dione, above the planet's thin rings. Behind Dione are the shadows of Saturn's B and C rings. Image from the Cassini spacecraft at 24,200 miles (39,000 kilometers) distance. Image courtesy NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute.

October 19, 2005  Pasadena, California - NASA reports that "speeding toward pale, icy Dione, Cassini's view is enriched by the tranquil gold and blue hues of Saturn in the distance. The horizontal stripes near the bottom of the image are Saturn's rings. The spacecraft was nearly in the plane of the rings when the images were taken, thinning them by perspective and masking their awesome scale. The thin, curving shadows of the C ring and part of the B ring adorn the northern latitudes visible here, a reminder of the rings' grandeur."

 

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Red In Fall Leaves – Chemical Warfare?  

Left: red maple; Right: Oak. The red colors are produced by anthocyanin molecules. Research shows red maple anthocyanin can destroy other plant seeds.
Left: red maple; Right: Oak. The red colors are produced by anthocyanin molecules. Research shows red maple anthocyanin can destroy other plant seeds.

October 10, 2005  Hamilton, New York - Colgate University biology professor, Frank Frey, and graduate student, Maggie Eldridge, report new research about trees that produce red leaves, such as maples and oaks, that might be trying to destroy all other tree seeds in the area.

"Foliage changes color in autumn when chlorophyll in leaf cells (green color) breaks down and exposes the pigments that remain, such as carotenoid pigments which appear yellow or orange. But the story is different for maples and a handful of other trees whose leaves turn scarlet. The anthocyanin pigments in maple foliage are actually manufactured by the trees - rather than simply revealed - at a time of year when the organisms can't afford to use up a lot of metabolic energy for such a complex process."

 

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9 X-Class Solar Flares Between September 7 – 19, 2005.

"Why is such a wimpy Solar Minimum cycle, with only a few sunspots, so strong when it comes to making flares?"

- David Hathaway, Ph.D., NASA Solar Physicist

September 23, 2005  Huntsville, Alabama - The sun in our solar system is a big ball of hydrogen and helium gas that's 107 times larger than the Earth. The sun is like a big nuclear fusion reactor that gives light and heat to the planets. Even at 93 million miles from the sun, the temperatures can support life from the icy poles to the hot equator. Scientists who have studied ice cores report that long before the current Industrial Age's emissions of greenhouse gases linked to global warming, there have been many cycles of heating and cooling on the planet. Could it be that the so-called Solar Constant is not so constant? Could cycles in the sun ranging from lots of sunspots and big solar flares to few sunspots and small solar flares have more to do with Earth temperatures than originally thought?

 

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“Planet X” and the Kuiper Belt’s Oddballs, “Santa” and “Easterbunny”

 "Instead of Pluto being a unique object that's difficult to understand (has frozen methane crust), we now see it as part of a family of objects (Xena, Sedna and Easterbunny that also have frozen methane crusts). We can try to understand the entire family, with Pluto being the middle sized member of the three. That's very exciting to us."

- Michael E. Brown, Astronomer  

Planet X, or Xena, or 2003 UB313, illustrated as red in color because it has a surface of frozen methane similar to Pluto, "Easterbunny," and Sedna. Nine billion miles from the sun, Xena is 20 to 30 percent larger than Pluto. Illustration by Cal Tech.
Planet X, or Xena, or 2003 UB313, illustrated as red in color because it has a surface of frozen methane similar to Pluto, "Easterbunny," and Sedna. Nine billion miles from the sun, Xena is 20 to 30 percent larger than Pluto. Illustration by Cal Tech.

September 15, 2005  Pasadena, California - A couple of months ago in late July, astronomer Michael Brown and his colleagues at the California Institute of Technology, announced their discovery of "Planet X." It's a big chunk of rock and ice nine billion miles from the sun. It's actually bigger than Pluto - and far beyond Pluto in what is known as the Kuiper Belt that circles our solar system. Now, almost two months later, the International Astronomical Union still has not decided if the exciting discovery should be classified a planet or what it's official name should be.

 

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